The variations of selected serum cytokines involved in cytokine Storm after Omega-3 daily supplements: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Jordanians with vitamin D deficiency

Pharmacy Practice

  • Rafeef AL Khaled1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
  • Jehad F. Alhmoud2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
  • Reem Issa3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center (PDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan.
  • Heba A. Khader4Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
  • Beisan A. Mohammad5Pharmaceutical Sciences Department- PharmD Program, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia.
  • Ahmad R. Alsayed1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
  • Khalid Abu Khadra6Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
  • Maha Habash7Michael Sayegh, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aqaba University of Technology, Aqaba 77110, Jordan.
  • Ahmad Aljaberi8Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
  • Luai Hasoun1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.
  • Mahmoud S. Abu-Samak1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan.

Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 1-10

DOI: 10.18549/PharmPract.2024.2.2951

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing unsaturated free fatty acids (n-3FA) on the levels of specific cytokines associated with cytokine storm in the blood of 72 Jordanian individuals (both men and women) who had insufficient vitamin D. The study was conducted using a randomized controlled design (RCT). Individuals eligible for the study were randomly assigned to either the n-3FA supplemented (intervention) group or the non-supplemented (control) group. The intervention group received 1,000 mg of wild salmon and fish oil complex, which is equivalent to 300 mg of n-3FA, for a duration of eight weeks, while the control group did not. Blood tests to assess tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), lipid profile, and fasting blood sugar were conducted at baseline and after ten weeks (with a two-week washout period). Additionally, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were measured. Our research indicates that taking n-3FA supplements significantly raised IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 levels compared to their initial levels. However, TNF-α levels did not show any significant changes. The interesting results of this randomized controlled trial could be due to a possible harmful effect of n-3FA supplementation during cytokine storms (CS), specifically on IL-6. Therefore, additional clinical studies are needed in the target patients during cytokine storm to determine if this supplement could affect the treatment with IL-6 antagonists.

Keywords

  • Omega-3
  • unsaturated fatty acid
  • cytokine storm
  • IL-1β
  • IL-6
  • IL-10
  • TNF-α
Pharmacy Practice

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